Recently, hantaviruses have been d Citation: Virology Journal 17 Published on: 29 December Published on: 28 December Lassa fever and Ebola are characterized by non-specific initial presentations that can progress to severe multisystem illnesses with high fatality rates.
Samples from additional subjects are examined to extend Authors: Trevor V. Gale, John S. Schieffelin, Luis M. Branco, Robert F. Garry and Donald S. Published on: 26 November Coronavirus disease COVID pandemic has been a catastrophic burden to global healthcare systems.
Published on: 23 November Hence, there is an urgent need for rapid, simple, and accurate tests to diagnose severe acute respiratory syndrome coronav Published on: 13 November We aimed to describe the features of nonemergency mild or common type COVID patients from a shelter hospital, as well as evaluate the efficiency of antiviral drug, Arbidol in their disease progressions.
Published on: 23 October Aimed to summarize the characteristics of chest CT imaging in Chinese hospitalized patients with Coronavirus Disease COVID to provide reliable evidence for further guiding clinical routine.
Published on: 21 October Published on: 15 October While the role of fomite transmission is not yet fully understood, precise data on the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 is req Published on: 7 October The basic reproduction number R0 is the number of cases directly caused by an infected individual throughout his infectious period. R0 is used to determine the ability of a disease to spread within a given p Published on: 2 October Infections caused by protozoan parasites burden the world with huge costs in terms of human and animal health.
Most parasitic diseases caused by protozoans are neglected, particularly those associated with pov Published on: 29 September Favipiravir FVP triphosphate, a purine nucleoside analog, inhibits that en Published on: 24 September The genetic traits as well as evol Authors: Wei Hou. Published on: 14 September Published on: 27 August Authors: Robert W. Cross, Krystle N. Agans, Abhishek N.
Deer, Natalie S. Dobias, Joan B. Geisbert, Karla A. Fenton and Thomas W. Published on: 18 August Recently, DENV has been reported as an important emerging infect Authors: Mawahib H. Eldigail, Hazem A. Abubaker, Fatima A. Khalid, Tajeldin M.
Abdallah, Hassan H. Musa, Mohamed E. Ahmed, Gamal K. Adam, Mustafa I. Elbashir and Imadeldin E. Published on: 30 July Published on: 29 July Content type: Case Report. Published on: 8 July Coronaviruses are large family-RNA viruses that belong to the order Nidovirales , family Coronaviridae , subfamily Coronavirinae. The need for timely establishment of a complete diagnostic protocol of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 is demanded worldwide.
We selected 15 positive novel coronavirus disease Until then no known cases of hantavirus infection had ever been reported in the United States. The culprit was a deer mouse discovered near the home of one of the initial patients. Hantavirus was discovered by Ho-Wang Lee in Korea in as the etiological agent responsible for the Korean hemorrhagic fever outbreak which occurred among American and Korean soldiers during the Korean War.
Patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome HPS had mild flu-like symptoms such as malaise, headache, cough, fever, with a sudden onset of pulmonary edema, and finally death. SNV infection occurs wherever its reservoir rodent carrier the deer mouse is found.
This includes the entire populated area of North America except for the far southeastern region. SNV can be contracted through the inhalation of virus-contaminated deer mouse excretion. However, since that time the fatality rate has steadily declined as more mild cases have come to be recognized.
A deer mouse, the natural reservoir of SNV, is shown in insert. The Nipah 9 virus was first identified in April on a pig farm in peninsular Malaysia when it caused an outbreak of neurological and respiratory disease.
The outbreak resulted in human cases, human deaths, and the culling of 1 million pigs Fig. Symptoms of infection from the Malaysian outbreak were primarily encephalitic in humans and respiratory in pigs.
Respiratory illness in humans has been seen in later outbreaks, increasing the likelihood of human-to-human transmission and indicating the existence of more dangerous strains of the virus. Based on seroprevalence data and the data from viral isolations, the primary reservoir for Nipah virus was identified as Pteropid fruit bats. The transmission of Nipah virus from bats to pigs is thought to be due to an increasing overlap between bat habitats and piggeries in peninsular Malaysia.
A Geographic distribution of Henipah virus outbreaks. The regions affected by Nipah virus violet and Hendra virus red are denoted. B Bats large flying fox , the natural reservoirs of Nipah virus. A related Hendra virus was discovered in September when it caused the deaths of 13 horses and a trainer at a training complex in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane in Queensland Australia.
Nipah virus, along with Hendra virus, belongs to the genus Henipavirus belonging in the family Paramyxoviridae see Table The majority of cases were in Hong Kong 9. It was eradicated by January of the following year.
Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a high probability SARS-CoV originated in bats and spread to humans either directly or indirectly through animals held in Chinese markets.
The map illustrates the areas around the world that were affected by the SARS outbreak of — It is speculated the virus spreads from bats to human via dromedary camel Fig. Almost all cases have been linked to Saudi Arabia. Although human-to-human transmission seems to be inefficient, it has been shown to spread between people who are in close contact.
Virions contain characteristic club-like projections emanating from the viral membrane. It is transmitted from cave bats to humans via dromedary camel. Why are new human pathogenic viruses continually emerging? In most cases, outbreaks have been known to occur in tropical regions in which there were no human inhabitants. An increase in contact with wild animals, due to the expansion of the human habitat, is believed to be the main cause for the emergence of new viruses.
Changes in the environment such as rainforest developments have led to an increase in contact between wild animals and humans. As a result, viruses which only existed in rainforests are able to be transmitted to a new human host. Climate changes such as global warming are another cause for the emergence of new viruses. Many of these newly emerging viruses are zoonotic viruses. In particular, bats serve as reservoirs to many newly emerging viruses. What makes bats so special?
Bats are unique because they are mammals that can fly. As mammals, they are a closer relation to humans than to birds. In addition, it is speculated that the immunity of bats is conspicuously tolerable to viruses.
Many types of viruses found in bats ie, virome 10 are currently being analyzed with the implementation of next generation sequencing technology. The bat virome is expected to provide insight on newly emerging viruses that have yet been discovered. Besides newly emerging viruses, the variants of existing viruses also cause serious epidemics. These viruses have infected humans in the past. However, they continue to appear in drug-resistant forms or reappear after apparent control or elimination.
Three distinct kinds of influenza virus variants are responsible for flu epidemics: the seasonal flu , the pandemic flu , and the avian flu. On the other hand, the avian influenza virus will be described with an emphasis on the mechanism of zoonotic infection. Seasonal Flu : The seasonal flu, as its name implies, is a flu epidemic that occurs yearly.
Why are influenza viruses able to infect people who have previously been infected in the past? Multiple reinfection capabilities represent a salient feature of influenza virus infection.
The reason for this is because variants with distinct antigenicity emerge each year. The antibodies circulating in the person previously infected are unable to neutralize a new seasonal strain. Pandemic Flu : The pandemic flu which occurred in the 20th century has already been described see Box Here, specific features of the H1N1 influenza pandemic are described. The epidemic started in Mexico in April of It rapidly spread globally, resulting in up to million infections and over 16, deaths.
During the pandemic, many international meetings were canceled because many people were afraid to travel abroad without proper protection.
The culprit was quickly identified to be a swine influenza virus which first infected a boy living near a pig farm in Mexico. The lack of an appropriate flu vaccine during the pandemic frightened the public. An antiviral drug, Tamiflu was the only protective means until a vaccine became available see Box The H1N1 pandemic was notable.
First, it was the first swine influenza virus that caused a pandemic. Second, it was not the typical double reassortment. It was an unprecedented triple reassortment Fig. The H1N1 swine virus is a triple reassortant. It includes segments from swine, avian, and human influenza viruses.
Gene segments, host, and the year of introduction are denoted. PA and PB2 segments are derived from the avian virus. The PB1 segment is derived from a human virus that entered swine in H5N1 Avian Flu : It was established that avian flu virus does not normally infect human. However, transmission of the avian virus to humans has occurred, although rarely, in the past decade. Thus, the avian influenza virus has become a global concern as a potential pandemic threat. Since the first H5N1 outbreak occurred in , the highly pathogenic influenza subtype has killed millions of poultry in many countries throughout Asia, Europe, and Africa Fig.
Because a significant species barrier exists between birds and humans, the virus does not easily cross species. Since human cases of H5N1 have been reported in 15 countries: people have died from H5N1 in 12 countries including China, Cambodia, and Vietnam as of August 10, One of the growing concerns is that it could be mutated further and spread via human-to-human infection.
Regions affected by H5N1 influenza virus in poultry and wild birds from to are indicated. There are a number of different methods that are available to treat certain viruses, however the rise of antimicrobial resistance has proved a challenge, therefore the development of novel therapeutics and techniques to help prevent transmission and ease the risk of global outbreaks, has had a pivotal role in the world of microbiology.
Chikungunya virion. Homepage Our Work 75th Anniversary: showcasing why microbiology matters Understanding viruses and challenges in microbiology Emerging viruses. Microbiologists working in this area To celebrate our 75th anniversary in , we invited microbiologists to nominate the discovery or event that best showcases why microbiology matters and helps us demonstrate the impact of microbiologists past, present and future.
Resources and further reading Discover more about emerging viruses including Chikungunya, an emerging viral infection carried by mosquitoes, the history of arboviruses, and emerging fungal pathogens, and read more about how scientists are tackling the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in our Coronstream blog series.
How viruses are treated There are a number of different methods that are available to treat certain viruses, however the rise of antimicrobial resistance has proved a challenge, therefore the development of novel therapeutics and techniques to help prevent transmission and ease the risk of global outbreaks, has had a pivotal role in the world of microbiology.
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